About Gulets & Yachts

• What is a gulet?
• What’s the difference between a gulet, a motor yacht, and a sailing yacht charter?
• Can you actually sail on a gulet?
• Do we need sailing experience to charter a gulet?
• How long is a typical gulet charter?
• Are gulet cruises suitable for children and families?
• What is daily life like onboard a gulet yacht?
• Do we stay onboard the whole time or go ashore too?
• Will we get seasick on a gulet holiday?
• How many hours do we cruise each day?

Q: What is a gulet yacht?

A gulet is a traditional wooden yacht, primarily built in Turkey, designed for comfortable cruising with spacious decks and ensuite cabins. Gulets offer a relaxed, homely atmosphere. Their wide beam and strong hull make them stable and ideal for leisurely holidays. Gulets are popular in Turkey, Greece, Croatia, and Italy, where they are a staple of the private charter experience. You can browse through the fleet of available charter gulets by clicking here.

Q: What’s the difference between a gulet, a motor yacht, and a sailing yacht charter?

Gulets are handcrafted wooden vessels with classic charm and large social areas. Motor yachts are faster and more modern, ideal for covering long distances quickly but they also consume more fuel than gulets. Sailing yachts are usually narrower and offer a more active sailing experience. Gulets prioritize comfort, spaciousness, and onboard relaxation, making them perfect for families or groups wanting a peaceful, scenic cruise. 

Q: Can you have a sailing experience on a gulet?

Yes, many gulets are equipped with sails, though most of the time they cruise using motors for convenience and consistency. The crew may raise the sails when conditions allow, offering a beautiful, peaceful sailing experience. However, the focus of a gulet cruise is on comfort, not speed or performance sailing.

Q: Do we need sailing experience to charter a gulet?

No sailing experience is required to enjoy a gulet charter. All yachts come with a professional crew, including a licensed captain, chef, and deckhands. The team handles all navigation, anchoring, and safety so you can simply relax. Your only job is to enjoy the journey!

Q: How long is a typical gulet charter?

Most gulet charters are 7 nights, starting and ending on Saturdays. However, shorter or longer durations may be available depending on the yacht and season. Let us know your travel dates and we’ll help you find flexible options that suit your plans. One-week charters are the most common and offer a perfect pace for exploring the region.

Q: Are gulet cruises suitable for children and families?

Gulets are an excellent choice for families, offering private and safe environments for children to enjoy the sea. With calm cruising routes, spacious decks, and a friendly crew, kids love life onboard. Many yachts include water toys and board games, and we can help you select a family-friendly itinerary. You can also request child safety nets if needed. Some yachts (not all) can easily have them installed.

Q: What is daily life like onboard a gulet yacht?

Life onboard is peaceful and luxurious. Your day may begin with breakfast on deck, followed by swimming or cruising to a new bay. Afternoons are for relaxing, reading, or visiting a coastal town. Evenings feature sunset dining either onboard or ashore. Everything is designed to match your preferences.

Q: Do we stay onboard the whole time or go ashore too?

You’ll enjoy a combination of onboard relaxation and shore visits. Gulets stop daily in charming bays, villages, and towns for sightseeing, dining, or beach time. The itinerary is flexible and can be tailored to your interests, with your captain and broker offering suggestions for each stop.

Q: Will we get seasick on a gulet holiday?

Most people feel very comfortable on a gulet due to their wide hulls and gentle cruising along sheltered coastlines. If you're prone to motion sickness, it's wise to bring medication just in case, but it’s rarely needed. The captain will anchor in calm bays and avoid open water swells where possible.

Q: How many hours do we cruise each day?

For some gulets 4 hours of cruising is included in the yacht charter rate. And that’s more than enough to change your location at least once every day, especially if you rent a gulet in Turkey, where the charming coastline of this country is dotted with gorgeous towns, villages and historical sites. If you’re nearby sailing in Greece and wish to cruise from one island to another, it may take a little more time, but fuel isn't included in the price there, therefore cruising depends on the chosen itinerary and how you decide together with the captain - which places to visit, and how many hours to cruise per day. Before your charter starts, you will already be informed if the cruising fuel is included, for how many hours per day or it's not included, and you will have an approximate itinerary with information on the number of cruising hours involved. Thereafter, for the duration of your cruise, each morning or each evening after dinner, your captain will consult with you in order to set the program for the day ahead.

Crew & Service

• Who are the crew members onboard a gulet and what are their roles?
• What is the captain responsible for during our gulet charter?
• Will our charter broker be in touch with us during the trip?
• Where does the crew sleep on a yacht?

Q: Who are the crew members onboard a gulet and what are their roles?
On most gulets, the crew typically includes a captain, a chef, and one or two deckhands or stewardesses, depending on the size of the yacht. The captain is responsible for navigation and safety, while the chef prepares fresh meals daily based on your preferences discussed in advance. The deckhand assists with mooring, service, and maintenance, and sometimes doubles as a steward. Every crew member is there to ensure your holiday is safe, comfortable, and enjoyable.

Q: Where does the crew sleep on a yacht?

In most cases, gulets feature special crew cabins in the forward section of a yacht. This is where they rest when off-duty. If you should need anything at night, rest assured that there’s always at least one crew member on duty and ready to assist passengers during your gulet cruise. Some gulets also have crew cabins (one or two) in the main area where there's also the guests' accommodation. This is quire rare and is so due to the specific layout of the yacht. 

Q: What is the captain responsible for during my gulet charter?
The captain is in charge of the yacht’s navigation, safety, and overall operation. They also help plan and adapt the itinerary depending on weather and your preferences. Captains know the cruising area well and will recommend the best bays, swimming spots, and harbors. They're your point of contact for all things onboard and are committed to providing a smooth, memorable trip.

Q: Will our charter broker be in touch with us during the trip?
Yes — your broker remains available before, during, and after your charter. If you need to adjust your plans, ask for recommendations, or resolve any issues, we're just a message or call away. Our Australian-based team works in sync with local teams in Europe to ensure you feel supported every step of the way.

Booking, Planning & Process

• What information do you need from our side to find the best yacht?
• We’ve never booked a yacht before — where do we start?
• How do we choose the right gulet yacht for our group?
• How do we book a gulet yacht charter?
• What information is needed from our side for the gulet charter contract? 
• What kind of personal information is needed from all the guests?
• When is the best time to book a gulet charter holiday?
• Is a gulet holiday really worth it?
• Can we start and end our gulet charter in different ports?
• What is a delivery dee (relocation fee) and what Is an empty leg?
• Why should we charter a gulet with your company?

Q: What information do you need from our side to find the best yacht? 

Please inform us - how many people will be traveling with you, specifying the number of adults and children; the timeframe during which you wish to rent a yacht, your choice of cruising area and how much you intend to spend on the yacht’s hire and food and beverages. This information will allow us to create a list of boats that match your preferences, and it will be that much easier for you to make a choice.

Q: We’ve never booked a yacht before — where do we start?

Start by reaching out to us with your travel dates, number of guests, and preferred destinations. From there, we’ll recommend suitable gulets, help you compare options, and explain everything step-by-step. Booking a yacht is easier than it seems, and our team is here to make it stress-free and exciting.

Q: How do we choose the right gulet for our group?

We’ll help you choose based on group size, cabin configuration, budget, and travel preferences. Gulets range from classic to ultra-luxury and vary in amenities like water sports equipment or onboard jacuzzis. Because we inspect yachts, exchange knowledge with our industry colleagues, share references and meet a lot of crew teams, we’ll match you with a gulet that fits your needs and style.

Q: How do we book a gulet yacht charter?

Once you’ve chosen your gulet and itinerary, we’ll issue a charter agreement outlining all details. A deposit (usually 50%) is required to secure the booking, with the balance due 30–60 days before departure. We guide you through this process and remain available for questions at any point.

Q: What information is needed from our side for the gulet charter contract? 

To proceed with a booking, you simply need to inform your broker that you wish to charter a specific yacht for certain dates and embarkation/disembarkation ports. Before that, your broker will have already confirmed the yacht’s availability, pricing, inclusions, exclusions, and payment terms. Once you confirm your choice, the broker will double-check the yacht’s availability — as bookings can change quickly, sometimes even within hours. If the yacht is still available, you’ll be asked to provide your full name and residential address for the contract. The charter agreement is then prepared by your broker, sent to you for signature, and once all parties have signed, the deposit payment can be made to the official company account to secure your booking.

Q: What kind of personal information is needed from all the guests? 

Full names and passport details are required in order to complete the necessary paperwork while the yacht is preparing for departure. In order to coordinate your arrival transfer to the yacht as well as your departure, we will need to know your contact details, as well as relevant travel plans -- specifically, where, when and how you plan to arrive at the port where your yacht awaits. We will also ask you to fill out your onboard preference sheets where you will indicate your food and beverage preferences as well as provide information about allergies and any health conditions. While completing this form, there is room for you to supply details of any plans you may have to celebrate special occasions or even co-design a surprise event with your captain and crew.

Q: When is the best time to book a gulet charter holiday?
The best time to book is between 6 to 10 months before your preferred departure — especially for high season (June to September). Early booking gives you the widest choice of yachts and itineraries. For shoulder seasons like May or October, there’s more flexibility, and last-minute bookings may be possible.

Q: Is a gulet holiday really worth it?

A gulet holiday offers an unmatched mix of comfort, privacy, and cultural discovery. You'll cruise to hidden bays, enjoy chef-prepared meals, and relax in total comfort with loved ones. It’s like staying in a boutique hotel that moves with you — one of the most memorable ways to experience the Mediterranean.

Q: Can we start and end our gulet charter in different ports?

Yes, one-way charters are possible on many gulets, depending on yacht availability and cruising region. They offer more flexibility for planning your route but may involve repositioning fees. We’ll explain any extra costs and confirm which yachts allow this type of charter. A more detailed general answer for the relocations fee is the next one.

Q: What is a delivery dee (relocation fee) and what Is an empty leg?

A Delivery Fee (also known as a Relocation Fee) applies if you wish to board or disembark a yacht in a port other than its base port. This fee usually covers fuel and crew expenses. In Greece, for instance, if a yacht is based in Athens but you wish to start and finish your cruise in the Ionian Islands, you will need to pay for both the delivery and re-delivery fees, as well as any additional transit fees, such as the Corinth Canal passage.
In Croatia, many gulets are flexible about embarkation ports, and sometimes no delivery fee applies if the yacht has another booking before or after yours in the same or nearby area. However, if it turns out that the yacht remains unbooked for the week before or after your charter — and your chosen ports are not the yacht’s home base — you will be responsible for the empty leg cost. This fee is mentioned in the booking conditions and in the contract and should not come as a surprise. 
If paying a delivery fee or empty leg cost doesn’t appeal to you, we recommend searching for yachts that are already based in your preferred cruising area. Some gulets, particularly in Turkey, offer embarkation from several nearby ports — such as Gocek, Marmaris, or Bodrum — without any extra delivery charge.

Q: Why should we charter a gulet with your company?

We specialize in gulet charters and offer honest, independent advice with over 30 years of industry experience. All gulets we promote are carefully selected and inspected. Our Australian base makes it easy for local clients to reach us, and we support you before, during, and after your trip to ensure it’s everything you imagined.

Pricing, Payments & VAT

• What does a gulet charter cost and what’s included in the price?
• What is APA (Advance Provisioning Allowance) and how does it work?
• How is VAT applied to gulet yacht charters?
• Is food and drink included in the gulet charter rate?
• Are alcoholic beverages included in the yacht price?
• What other expenses should we budget for on top of the yacht rental?
• When is the final payment due for our gulet charter?
• Can we pay for our gulet charter by bank transfer?

Q: What does a gulet charter cost and what’s included in the price?
A gulet charter price typically covers the yacht rental, crew service, in some cases fuel for standard cruising hours, bed linen, towels, and basic cleaning. It is very rare that gulets offer any meals being included in the rate. Most yachts operate on a plus expenses basis. Prices vary depending on the yacht's category, destination, and season. We’ll provide a clear quote outlining exactly what’s included, so you know what to expect.

Q: What is APA (Advance Provisioning Allowance) and how does it work?
APA is an upfront payment (usually 30–40% of the charter fee) used to cover variable expenses like food, drinks, fuel, port fees, and any extras you request. The captain manages this budget on your behalf, keeping track of expenses. At the end of your trip, you’ll receive a detailed report, and any unused funds are refunded to you. APA is standard for luxury yacht charters that operate on a plus-expenses basis.

Q: How is VAT applied to gulet yacht charters in Europe?
VAT (Value Added Tax) is a legal tax imposed by local governments on charter fees. Rates vary by country — for example, Croatia is usually 13%, Greece 12%, and Italy 22%, while Turkey is 20%. The VAT amount will be shown clearly in your contract. We always calculate and inform you of the applicable VAT during the quoting process.

Q: Is food and drink included in the gulet charter rate?
In most cases gulets operate on a plus expenses basis, where provisions are paid separately via APA or provisioning package. We’ll always explain your options upfront and offer sample menus for review if the yacht offers such.

Q: Are alcoholic beverages included in the yacht price?
Alcoholic drinks are almost never included unless you choose an all-inclusive option or a gulet offering a beverage package (which happens very rarely in the fleet of available charter gulets). You can either bring your own drinks or ask us to arrange a pre-order for your group. Some gulets also offer a full onboard bar at extra cost or various drink packages. Some yachts don’t allow guests to bring drinks from the outside.

Q: What other expenses should we budget for on top of the yacht rental?
Additional expenses can include VAT, food and beverages, port fees, fuel for extra cruising, water toys, and crew gratuities. These are often covered through the APA system or a pre-set full board package. We always provide a transparent cost breakdown so you can budget with confidence.

Q: Can we pay for our gulet charter by bank transfer?
Yes, bank transfer is the most common and preferred method for yacht charter payments. You will receive secure payment instructions and a formal proforma for the payment.

Q: When is the final payment due for our gulet charter?
Final payment is typically due 30 to 60 days before your charter start date. The exact timing will be outlined in your charter agreement. We’ll send you reminders and help make the process smooth and secure.

Accommodation

• How many people can sleep on a gulet yacht?
• How much luggage can we bring with us?
• What’s available onboard and what is better brought along with us?  
• Are we allowed to smoke aboard?

Q: How many people can sleep on a gulet yacht?

Gulets range from 2 to 12+ cabins, accommodating anywhere from 4 to 24 guests. Most cabins are double or twin, each with private bathrooms. We’ll help you find a yacht that comfortably fits your group’s size and style. There are also several gulets that are suitable for larger groups than 24 guests.

Q: How much luggage can we bring with us?

Small sailing yachts have a very limited space for storing bulky luggage item, but since you are chartering a gulet, you won’t have this problem. These yachts generally have enough space to stow large soft-sided bags and suitcases out of the way while you’re onboard. Each cabin has drawers in which you can stow all your belongings and yet it’s helpful to note that storage space is still limited in a sense, and so it’s best to be a little bit mindful and limit what you bring.

Q: What’s available onboard and what is better brought along with us?  

Each yacht is like a hotel, and each stateroom features bed linen, towels, and usually - bathroom utensils (shower gel, shampoo, soap, and a hairdryer). Some yachts feature extra accessories in each stateroom. If you wish to have something specific onboard  as an extra expense - and ready from the moment you board, please be sure to specify this in advance to give the crew the best possible chance of locating it before your arrival (check the availability of such item, pricing and delivery time). Most gulets carry a few sets of snorkelling gear for charterers, but many charter guests prefer to bring their own equipment -- especially if they are snorkelling enthusiasts. 

Q: Are you allowed to smoke aboard? 

Usually, smoking is allowed in special dedicated areas. Smoking inside the yacht, however, is not permitted. In order to be 100% sure that you’ll be able to smoke on the boat that you wish to hire, please let us know and we will consult with the captain. 

Food, Drinks & Dietary Needs

• Can we customize the menu and drinks for my gulet holiday?
• What is Full Board and Half Board?
• Do all gulets offer Full Board (FB) or Half Board (HB) meal options?
• What meals and drinks are served on a gulet charter?
• Can the chef accommodate special dietary requirements?
• Are gulet charters all-inclusive or à la carte?

Q: Can we customize the menu and drinks for my gulet holiday?
Yes, absolutely. Before your trip, we’ll send you a food and beverage preference form, where you can list your dietary needs, preferred meals, drinks, and any dislikes. The onboard chef then plans meals tailored to your preferences. You can also request specific wines, cocktails, or snacks. Your comfort and taste are always a priority.

Q: What is Full Board and Half Board?

Usually, there are several options to choose from when it comes to dining onboard. These meal supplements are called Half Board and Full Board. Half Board is a nominal fee you pay to cover the cost of breakfast and lunch (or breakfast and dinner) onboard and it is given on the basis of “per person, per day” or “per person, per week”. Full Board covers breakfast, lunch, and dinner on board (again, based on per person per day/week). In some cases, Half Board is obligatory, whereas Full Board is optional. Right now it is more common that many gulets have their own understanding of Half Board, when it's only breakfast & lunch onboard, no dinners are available. There are also light versions of Full Board when the guests still have to dine out several times per week. During an inquiry and a booking process we will guide you through all the details related to specific yachts. 

In Turkey, for example, Half Board and Full Board meal plans usually include soft drinks (basic selection or all kinds of), some charge extra for more unique and unusual, thus more expensive, soft drinks. In Croatia, yachts offer various drink packages, excluding and including alcoholic drinks. 

Also, usually these meal supplements are paid with the balance (30-45 days before the charter stars), and then if there's a chance to have extra meal onboard (some yachts also offer such service), an additional meal can be paid onboard to the captain in cash. This is also pre-discussed during the booking process - if a yacht offers such service or no. 

Q: Do all gulets offer Full Board (FB) or Half Board (HB) meal options?

Not all gulets work with the Full Board or Half Board system. Some yachts, especially larger or more luxurious ones, operate similarly to motor yachts — where all food and beverage provisions are purchased based on the guests’ specific preferences and consumption. In such cases, the cost of food, drinks, and other onboard expenses is covered from the APA (Advance Provisioning Allowance), which is paid in advance before the cruise. Please note that some gulets may not offer FB or HB packages for smaller groups (for example, when there are 4 or fewer guests on board). In this case, they will also work with the APA system. 

Q: What meals and drinks are served on a gulet charter?
You’ll enjoy fresh, locally sourced Mediterranean-style cuisine — typically including breakfast, lunch, and dinner prepared onboard. Meals often feature grilled seafood, fresh vegetables, pasta, and regional specialties. Soft drinks and alcohol can be purchased separately or pre-ordered. Dining is often alfresco, creating a relaxed and scenic atmosphere.

Q: Can the chef accommodate special dietary requirements?
Yes — most gulet chefs are experienced in preparing meals for guests with dietary needs, including vegetarian, gluten-free, vegan, or allergy-friendly menus. Just let us know your requirements in advance, and we’ll communicate everything to the crew before your cruise.

Q: Are gulet charters all-inclusive or à la carte?

Both options exist. Very few gulets offer all-inclusive packages with meals and drinks, while most use a “plus expenses” model with APA or provisioning fees. We’ll explain each yacht’s terms clearly and help you choose the best setup for your preferences.

Destinations & Itineraries

• Where are the best destinations for gulet yacht charters in Turkey?
• Where to charter a gulet in Greece, Croatia or Italy?
• Who helps planning the yacht route?
• Can we create or suggest a custom itinerary for our gulet charter?
• What kind of activities can we do ashore during a gulet cruise?
• Will the crew recommend restaurants, beaches, and sightseeing spots?

Q: Where are the best destinations for gulet yacht charters in Turkey?
Top Turkish gulet destinations include Bodrum, Göcek, Marmaris, Fethiye, and the Gulf of Hisarönü. These areas offer stunning nature, calm waters, ancient ruins, and vibrant seaside towns. Each itinerary can be customized to include swimming bays, island visits, and cultural stops.

Q: Where to charter a gulet in Greece, Croatia or Italy?
In Greece, popular gulet routes include the Cyclades, Dodecanese, and Ionian islands. Croatia’s Dalmatian Coast — with stops like Split, Hvar, and Dubrovnik — is ideal for island-hopping. In Italy, chartering a gulet in Sicily or Sardinia offers scenic coastlines and charming villages. [See our destination guides for more info.]

Q: Who helps planning the yacht route?
It’s a team effort. Your broker will suggest an itinerary based on your goals and travel style, and the captain will fine-tune the route based on real-time conditions and local knowledge. You’re welcome to request changes along the way with the captain’s approval of course.

Q: Can we create a custom itinerary for our gulet charter?
Yes, all private gulet charters include a tailor-made itinerary based on your preferences and interests. You can visit quiet bays, lively towns, historical sites, or mix it all up. Your broker and captain work together to plan the best possible route, considering weather, distance, and time. Flexibility is a big advantage of chartering a private yacht.

Q: What kind of activities can we do ashore during a gulet cruise?
You can explore local towns, enjoy beach clubs, hike coastal trails, visit archaeological sites, and dine at seaside tavernas. Whether you’re into wine tasting, shopping, or photography — there’s something for everyone. Your captain and crew will be happy to recommend activities based on your interests.

Q: Will the crew recommend restaurants, beaches, and sightseeing spots?
Yes, your captain and crew know the cruising area and love to share their favorite hidden gems. They can guide you to quiet beaches, authentic restaurants, local markets, and fun excursions ashore. Their tips often lead to the most memorable moments of the journey.

Safety, Insurance & Policies

• Do we need travel insurance for a gulet charter?
• Should we get trip cancellation or charterer liability insurance?
• What is the cancellation policy for gulet yacht charters?
• Can we bring my pet onboard a gulet?

Q: Do we need travel insurance for a gulet charter?
Yes, it is recommended purchasing comprehensive travel insurance for any type of travels that covers medical emergencies, trip interruptions, and baggage issues. While gulet charters are generally safe and smooth, travel insurance gives peace of mind in case of unforeseen events.

Q: Should we get trip cancellation insurance?
Trip cancellation insurance is useful in case you have to cancel due to illness, emergencies, or other reasons. Please, consult with your preferred insurance company for the terms and conditions of such insurance.

Q: What is the cancellation policy for gulet yacht charters?
Cancellation policies vary slightly by yacht and country but are outlined clearly in each charter agreement. Typically, deposits are non-refundable unless the yacht is rebooked for the same period. In some cases, postponement or rescheduling may be possible. Always check terms before confirming.

Q: Can we bring my pet onboard a gulet?
In most cases, pets are not allowed on gulet charters, but exceptions can be made with prior approval. If you’re travelling with a small, well-behaved pet, let us know and we’ll inquire with suitable yachts. Keep in mind that pet-friendly gulets are limited and may involve extra cleaning fees and/or a security deposit.

Gratuities

• How much should we tip the crew on a gulet charter?
• What is the recommended way to give gratuities?

Q: How much should we tip the crew on a gulet charter?
Gratuities are a customary way to thank the crew for excellent service. We suggest tipping between 10–15% of the charter fee, depending on your satisfaction and the charter duration. Tips are usually given to the captain in cash at the end of the cruise and shared among the crew.

Q: What is the recommended way to give gratuities?
The easiest and most respectful way is to hand the tip directly to the captain, who will distribute it fairly among the crew. Cash in the local currency or euros is preferred. If you're unsure of the amount or method, we’re happy to guide you in advance.

Additional questions 

• What’s the difference between a private gulet charter and a cabin charter?
• Can we charter a gulet for a honeymoon or special occasion?
• What happens if the weather is bad during the charter?
• Can we charter a gulet for a one-way route?
• What makes gulet holidays unique compared to other yacht charters?

Q: What’s the difference between a private gulet charter and a cabin charter?
A private gulet charter is a fully exclusive yacht experience for your group, while a cabin charter is shared with other guests. Private charters offer more flexibility, privacy, and personalized service. Cabin charters are more budget-friendly but less customizable.

Q: Can we charter a gulet for a honeymoon or special occasion?
Yes, gulets are perfect for romantic getaways, proposals, anniversaries, weddings, and honeymoons. We can help plan every detail — from flower arrangements to sunset dinners and surprises onboard. A gulet is a magical setting for a special celebration.

Q: What happens if the weather is bad during the charter?
Your captain will monitor forecasts closely and adjust the route if necessary for safety and comfort. Gulets are sturdy vessels designed for smooth cruising in calm coastal waters. While weather can sometimes cause changes, the crew always ensures you enjoy the journey.

Q: Can we charter a gulet for a one-way route?
Yes — many gulets allow one-way cruises between two different ports, offering more flexibility. Popular routes include Bodrum–Göcek or Split–Dubrovnik. One-way fees may apply depending on the yacht's base, and we’ll outline those costs in your proposal.

Q: What makes gulet holidays unique compared to other yacht charters?
Gulet cruises are laid-back, intimate, and rooted in Mediterranean charm. These traditional wooden yachts offer spacious decks, delicious local food, and relaxed routes. They’re ideal for families, couples, and friends who want comfort without the formality of motor yachts or the sportiness of sailing yachts.